- Thesis Defense
- 07/29/2025
Enhanced Rock Weathering (ERW) is emerging in the voluntary carbon market as a viable negative emissions technology that sequesters atmospheric CO₂ in soils as inorganic bicarbonate (HCO₃⁻). Its market appeal lies in leveraging existing agricultural infrastructure for rapid deployment and scalability. ERW can also replace agricultural liming, raising soil pH while eliminating CO₂ emissions from lime dissolution. This makes it attractive for generating verifiable carbon credits, provided the technology is rigorously validated.
Measurement, Reporting, and Verification (MRV) research focuses on ERW's impacts on soil health, crop productivity, and potential groundwater contaminants. Accurate modeling of weathering and CO₂ sequestration rates is essential; however, measurements of carbon dioxide removal (CDR) rates using alkalinity from leachate are not feasible at large scale, thus a soil mass balance cation approach may improve MRV. However, this method has mostly been tested in soil columns and not in field conditions. The proposed project addresses this by improving understanding of how ERW functions in Midwest U.S. agricultural soils at a research center in eastern Nebraska by studying a cation mass balance approach using magnesium (Mg) and nickel (Ni) as indicators of inorganic carbon sequestration.
This study tested olivine due to olivines high sequestration potential; as a soil amendment at an intermediate field scale and found that crop yield was not affected: olivine-treated plots averaged 4.18 Mg/ha, compared to 4.15 Mg/ha in control plots. Although not statistically significant (p= 0.064), olivine application increased average soil pH from 5.55 ± 0.09 to 5.83 ± 0.10 after one year. Leachate pH also rose from a control average of 6.37 ± 0.06 to 6.58 ± 0.14 with olivine. Plant uptake of chromium remained similar (olivine: 11.48 ± 1.12 ppm, control: 9.63 ± 1.66 ppm), and while nickel uptake increased (olivine: 14.87 ± 1.71 ppm, control: 8.78 ± 1.45 ppm), it remained well below phytotoxic levels.
CDR rates estimated from lysimeter leachate were 0.015 ± 0.0003 tCO₂e/ha, whereas estimates based on the soil cation mass balance method were significantly higher, at 1.11 ± 0.12 tCO₂e/ha. However, only 60% of field plots yielded plausible CDR estimates, likely due to soil heterogeneity, repeat soil sample collection, and measurement uncertainty. These results underscore a key challenge: while leachate-based estimates are likely more direct, they are logistically and economically unscalable, whereas soil-based methods are feasible but prone to background variability.
Although Electromagnetic Induction (EMI) geophysical mapping was employed to explore whether spatial variability, in the 4-ha experimental plot, in soil properties such as texture, pH, cation exchange capacity, and organic matter could explain the inconsistent CDR estimates across plots, no clear spatially mappable relationships with changes in Mg or Ni concentrations were identified. This suggests that, while these soil characteristics may influence weathering processes, EMI alone did not adequately resolve the spatial uncertainty observed in soil-based CDR estimates, underscoring the broader challenge of scaling MRV in heterogeneous field conditions.
Ultimately, this study highlights that a mass-balance soil approach alone is insufficient for robust MRV at scale. Accurate quantification of ERW-based CDR will require methods that reduce the effects of soil heterogeneity and sampling variability, such as improved soil sampling strategies, higher-resolution spatial models, and integrated measurement approaches that combine soil and leachate data to better constrain field-scale uncertainty.